Religions and denominations
۱۰۰ مطلب
Wicca (Wicca)An emerging, nature-based religion with traditions of ritual witchcraft; Gardnerian and Alexandrian Wicca and eclectic communities have different practices. Honoring the Goddess and God in some branches, the cycle of nature, and ritual ethics are common; beliefs and structure are not the same for all Wiccas.
Contemporary Druidism (Druidry · Derwyddiaeth)A family of modern spiritual and cultural movements inspired by ancient Druidic narratives, naturism, and Celtic heritage; claims of direct historical continuity are not proven. A relationship with nature, poetic inspiration, community, and respect for Celtic tradition are common; theology ranges from polytheism to non-religious spirituality.Contemporary Heathenry/Asatru (Ásatrú · Heathenry)Religious reconstructionism inspired by pre-Christian Germanic and Norse sources; groups differ in ritual, ethnicity, and politics, and uniform attribution is inaccurate. Norse gods and narratives, ancestors, hospitality, and communal responsibility; interpretations vary between groups.Falun Gong / Falun Dafa (法轮功 · 法轮大法)Spiritual practice and qigong movement with moral teachings and physical exercises; government repression in China from ۱۹۹۹ It is an important part of its contemporary history. Truthfulness, Compassion, and Tolerance are the movement's three declared principles; its place among religion, spirituality, and qigong is described in various studies.Spiritualism (Espiritismo · Spiritism)Modern religious/spiritual movement with belief in the survival of the soul, reincarnation in some branches, and the possibility of spirit communication; Brazilian Spiritism is widespread with healing and charitable associations. God, moral evolution of the soul, and individual responsibility are important in Kardecist formation; the movement is not the same as other spiritualisms.Native American religious traditions (نامها و زبانهای بومی متعدد؛ عنوان واحد بومی وجود ندارد)It is a descriptive title for the religious traditions of many indigenous peoples, not a single religion; each tradition should be recognized by the name and narrative of that people, and restrictions on the dissemination of sacred knowledge should be observed. Relationships with the land, ancestors, creator, or spirits are present in different systems; no teaching can be generalized to all peoples.Korean Shamanism / Musuk (무속 · 무교)A blanket name for Korean shamanic rituals; Musuk, Moyu, and regional traditions are not identical and continue alongside Buddhism and other religions. The spirit world, ancestors, and forces of nature feature in local narratives; beliefs vary by region and practitioner.Ainu spiritual tradition (アイヌの信仰)The indigenous worldview of the Ainu people is deeply connected to the land, animals, plants, and ancestors; colonialism and assimilation policies have damaged the continuity of language and religion. Kamui or sacred beings/forces appear in animals and nature; interpretations vary in local narratives.Spiritual traditions of Australian Aboriginal people (نامها و زبانهای بومی متعدد؛ Dreaming عنوان فراگیر انگلیسی است)A range of indigenous worldviews and land laws; the phrase Dreaming is a blanket and incomplete translation and should not cover the differences of hundreds of nations. The connection to land, ancestors, law, and creation narratives is important in many traditions; the details and terminology are specific to each nation.Umbanda (Umbanda)Brazilian religious tradition is a historical blend of African, Catholic, animist, and indigenous elements; its composition and rituals vary between temples. Olorum or God, orishas, and spirit guides are present in various interpretations; the tradition is not centralized or unified.Tenrikyo (天理教)A newly emerging Japanese religion with global institutions; teachings emphasize joyful living, service to others, and worship of the parent god. Life in this world is considered a gift from the parent god; clearing mental dust and helping people be happy is important.Cheondoism (천도교)A Korean religion emphasizing the dignity of man and the presence of heaven within man; its history is linked to social reform and the Korean independence movement. Insancheon, meaning heaven within man, is a popular doctrine; concepts and institutions differ between the northern and southern branches.Kaodaei (Đạo Cao Đài)A new religion in Vietnam with an ecclesiastical structure and dialogue between East Asian traditions, Buddhism, and Abrahamic religions; has various organizational branches. Monotheism and the spiritual unity of religions are prominent in Cao Dai theology; doctrines and organization vary between branches.Candomblé (Candomblé)A living Afro-Brazilian tradition with diverse lineages and homes; Keto, Jeje, and Angola are recognized traditions and should not be assumed to be the same. Supreme God and Orishas or Vodun in different lineages; religious identity is linked through music, ritual, and community.Traditional Yoruba religion (Ẹ̀sìn ìbílẹ̀ Yorùbá)A collection of Yoruba rituals and narratives that have persisted in West Africa and the Atlantic diaspora; Santeria and Candomblé are historically linked but are not the same religion. Future, destiny, ancestors, and relationships with orishas are important concepts; traditions vary from city to city and clan to clan.West African Vodun (Vodun · Vodoun)A set of rituals and cosmologies of the Fon peoples and neighboring societies; some of the traditions were transformed in the Americas by transatlantic slavery. The supreme god, the Vodun or sacred forces, and the ancestors are found in local systems; there is no single list or creed for all.Santeria / Lokumi (Regla de Ocha · Lukumí)A diasporic religion with deep ties to Yoruba religion and Cuban history; its structure is based on houses and priestly lineages. Oludoumare and the orishas are placed alongside ancestors and ritual guidance; its relationship to historical Catholicism is not the same in all congregations.Rastafari (Rastafari)A movement with Afro-Jamaican roots that expresses black self-awareness, liberation from colonialism, Zionism, and a connection to Africa in religious and cultural language. The position of Haile Selassie and the interpretation of the Bible vary among Rastafari groups; not all followers share a single theology.وودوی هائیتی (Vodou ayisyen)دینی زنده در هائیتی با ریشههای آفریقایی و عناصر تاریخی کاتولیک؛ تصویرهای کلیشهای عامهپسند اغلب آن را نادرست بازنمایی میکنند. بوندیه، ارواح لوا و رابطه با نیاکان در الهیات و آیین نقش دارند؛ جماعتها سنتهای متفاوتی دارند.ایزدیگری (Êzdîtî · ئێزدی)دینی مستقل با سنت شفاهی و جماعت تاریخی کرد؛ لالش مهمترین مکان مقدس آن است. روایتهای ایزدی را باید با منابع خود جامعه و تاریخ آزار و کوچ اجباری خواند. خدا آفرینندهٔ جهان است و هفت فرشته در روایت دینی جای دارند؛ تفسیرهای بیرونی نادرست دربارهٔ طاووسملک به جامعه آسیب زدهاند.یارسان / اهل حق (یارسان · کەڵامی یارسان)جامعهای دینی با زبان، موسیقی و سنت کلامی ویژه؛ نامها و خودشناسی میان جماعتها و مناطق تفاوت دارد و «اهل حق» گاهی عنوانی بیرونی یا گستردهتر است. تجلی الهی، دونادون و حقیقت یاری در برخی روایتها مهم است؛ آموزهها از راه کلام و سنت جماعتی انتقال مییابند.تنگریباوری (Tengriçilik · تنگریچилик)عنوانی امروزی برای مجموعهای از باورهای آسمانمحور و آیینهای مردمان ترکزبان و مغول؛ در تاریخ با شمنیسم و دیگر ادیان تعامل داشته است. تنگری (آسمان) و پیوند اخلاقی فرمانروا، مردم و طبیعت در برخی روایتهای تاریخی برجسته است؛ نظام اعتقادی یکسانی برای همهٔ قومها وجود ندارد.مندائیگری (ࡌࡀࡍࡃࡀࡉࡉࡀ)دینی گنوسی و توحیدی با زبان و ادبیات مندائی؛ جامعهٔ آن تاریخی در عراق و ایران بوده و در دهههای اخیر دیاسپورای گسترده دارد. جهان نور و جهان مادی در کیهانشناسی مندائی متمایزند؛ پاکی آیینی و شناخت معنوی در مسیر رهایی مهماند.آیین دروزی (الموحّدون الدروز)سنت دینی توحیدی با جامعههای تاریخی در لبنان، سوریه، اسرائیل و اردن؛ آیین و متون آن عمدتاً درون جماعت نگهداری میشوند. توحید و خوانش باطنی از دین در الهیات دروزی برجسته است؛ این سنت تاریخی ویژگی مستقل دارد و نباید صرفاً شاخهای ساده از اسلام توصیف شود.تائوئیسم / دائوئیسم (道教 · 道家)خانوادهای از مکاتب فلسفی و دینی چینی؛ دائو تِهجینگ، کیهانشناسی، آیینهای معبدی و سنتهای استادمحور در آن جای دارند. دائو، هماهنگی با طبیعت و پرورش زندگی از مفاهیم مهماند؛ صورتهای فلسفی و دینی همپوشانی دارند اما یکسان نیستند.