The Barelvi movement emerged in northern India in the late 19th century around the works and teachings of Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi. It emerged in an environment where Muslims in South Asia were facing colonialism, religious reform, and new educational and social challenges.

Many Barelvi communities are Hanafi in jurisprudence and emphasize in their worship tradition love and veneration of the Prophet, dhikr, Mawlid gatherings, and Sufi connections. The details of practice and self-knowledge vary among groups; this title should not be equated with all Sufi Muslims or all Hanafis.